Trade name: Ancef, Kefzol
Class: Antibiotic "cephalosporines" FIRST GENERATION
Pregnancy: (Category B)
Action: Bind to bacterial cell wall membrane, causing cell death
Uses
Treatment of:
Skin and skin structure infections (including burn wounds)
Pneumonia
Otitis media
Urinary tract infections
Bone and joint infections
Septicemia (including endocarditic) caused by susceptible organisms
Perioperative prophylaxis
Dose
By intramuscular injection or intravenous injection or infusion, 05–1 g every 6–12 hours; CHILD, 25–50 mg/kg daily (in divided doses), increased to 100 mg/kg daily in severe infections
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to cephalosporin or Penicillin, renal failure, Pregnancy, Lactation
Side effects
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, abdominal pain, flatulence, skin rashes super-infection, heartburn, sore mouth, bone marrow depression: (Decrease WBC, decreased platelets, decreased Hct Nephrotoxicity, (pain, abscess at injection site, phlebitis and inflammation at IV site
Nursing considerations
Infuse over 30 minutes unless otherwise indicated
Therapy should be continued for at least 2-3 days after symptoms of infection have disappeared
Assess client with a history of hypersensitivity reaction “for penicillin or cephalosporin”
Assess client financial status These drugs are usually expensive
If GI upset occurs administer Drugs with meals “Should be administered on empty stomach”
Obtain liver & renal studies
Dose
by intramuscular or intravenous injection or by intravenous infusion, 1 g every 12 hours increased in severe infections (eg meningitis) to 8 g daily in 4 divided doses; higher doses (up to 12 g daily in 3–4 divided doses) may be required; NEONATE 50 mg/kg daily in 2–4 divided doses increased to 150–200 mg/kg daily in severe infections; CHILD 100–150 mg/kg daily in 2–4 divided doses increased up to 200 mg/kg daily in very severe infections
Gonorrhea, 500 mg as a single dose
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to cephalosporin or Penicillin
Side effects
CNS: seizures high doses
GI: pseudomembraneous colitis, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, cramps, pseudolithiasis (ceftriaxone)
Derm: rashes, urticaria
Hemat: bleeding (increased with cefoperazone), blood dyscrasias, hemolytic anemia
Local: pain at IM site, phlebitis at IV site
Misc: allergic reactions including anaphylaxis and serum sickness, super infection
Nursing considerations
Should not be mixed with amino glycosides ( each should be given separately)
For IV use, should be mixed with 10 ml sterile water & administer over 3-5 minutes
Action : Bind to bacterial cell wall membrane, causing cell death
Uses
Ceftazidime eliminates bacteria that cause many kinds of infections, including lung, skin, bone, joint, stomach, blood, gynecological, and urinary tract infections
Dose
by deep intramuscular injection or intravenous injection or infusion, 1 g every 8 hours or 2 g every 12 hours; 2 g every 8–12 hours or 3 g every 12 hours in severe infections; single doses over 1 g intravenous route only; elderly usual max 3 g daily; child up to 2 months 25–60 mg/kg daily in 2 divided doses, over 2 months 30–100 mg/kg daily in 2–3 divided doses; up to 150 mg/kg daily (max 6 g daily) in 3 divided doses if immuno- compromised or meningitis; intravenous route recommended for children
Urinary-tract and less serious infections, 05–1 g every 12 hours
Pseudomonal lung infection in cystic fibrosis, adult 100–150 mg/kg daily in 3 divided doses; child up to 150 mg/kg daily (max 6 g daily) in 3divided doses; intravenous route recommended for children
Surgical prophylaxis, prostatic surgery, 1 g at induction of anesthesia repeated if necessary when catheter removed
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to cephalosporin
Side effects
Diarrhea, stomach pain, upset stomach, vomiting
Nursing considerations
Infuse over 30 minutes unless otherwise indicated
Therapy should be continued for at least 2-3 days after symptoms of infection have disappeared
Assess client with a history of hypersensitivity reaction “for penicillin or cephalosporin”
Assess client financial status These drugs are usually expensive
Obtain liver & renal studies
Trade name: Rocephin
Class: Antibiotic "cephalosporines" third-generation
Pregnancy: Category B
Action: Bind to bacterial cell wall membrane, causing cell death
Uses
Pneumonia, UTI, infections of skin, bone & abdomen Meningitis, bacterial septicemia, pre-op prophylaxis
Dose
by deep intramuscular injection, or by intravenous injection over at least 2–4 minutes, or by intravenous infusion, 1 g daily; 2–4 g daily in severe infections; intramuscular doses over 1 g divided between more than one site
Neonate by intravenous infusion over 60 minutes, 20–50 mg/kg daily - max 50 mg/kg daily
Infant and child under 50 kg, by deep intramuscular injection, or by intravenous injection over 2–4 minutes, or by intravenous infusion, 20–50 mg/kg daily; up to 80 mg/kg daily in severe infections; doses of 50 mg/kg and over by intravenous infusion only; 50 kg and over, adult dose
Uncomplicated gonorrhea, by deep intramuscular injection, 250 mg as a single dose
Surgical prophylaxis, by deep intramuscular injection or byintravenous injection over at least 2–4 minutes, 1 g at induction; colorectal surgery, by deep intramuscular injection or by intravenous injection over at least 2–4 minutes or by intravenous infusion, 2 g at induction; intramuscular doses over 1 g divided between more than one site
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to cephalosporin or Penicillin ,renal failure
Side effects
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, abdominal pain, flatulence, skin rashes super-infection, heartburn, sore mouth, bone marrow depression
Nursing considerations
IM injection should be deep into the body of large muscle
IV injection should be diluted
For stability of solution the package insert should be checked carefully
Dosage should be maintained for at least 2 days after symptoms of infection have disappeared (usual course is 4-14 days
Action: Bind to bacterial cell wall membrane, causing cell death
Uses
Pharyngitis, tonsillitis , Otitis media ,Lower respiratory tract infections, UTIs Dermatologic infections, Treatment of early Lyme disease ,Lower respiratory tract infections, influenza, Septicemia, Meningitis Bone and joint infections, Perioperative prophylaxis
Dose : by mouth (as cefuroxime axetil), 250 mg twice daily in most infections including mild to moderate lower respiratory-tract infections (eg bronchitis); doubled for more severe lower respiratory-tract infections or if pneumonia suspected
Urinary-tract infection, 125 mg twice daily, doubled in pyelonephritis
Gonorrhea, 1 g as a single dose
Child over 3 months, 125 mg twice daily, if necessary doubled inchild over 2 years with otitis media
ContraindicationsAllergy to cephalosporin or penicillins, renal failure, lactation, pregnancy
Side effects
CNS: Headache, dizziness, lethargy, paresthesias
GI: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, abdominal pain, flatulence, pseudo membranous colitis, liver toxicity
Hematologic: Bone marrow depression: decreased WBC, decreased platelets, decreased Hct
GU: Nephrotoxicity
Hypersensitivity: Ranging from rash to fever to anaphylaxis, serum sickness reaction
Nursing considerations
Culture infection, arrange for sensitivity tests before and during therapy if expected response is not seen
Give oral drug with food to decrease GI upset and enhance absorption
Give oral drug to children who can swallow tablets; crushing the drug results in a bitter, unpleasant taste
Have vitamin K available in case hypoprothrombinemia occurs
Discontinue if hypersensitivity reaction occurs
Trade name: Chloromycetin
Class: antibiotic
Pregnancy: Category C
Action: it inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria by binding to ribosome
Uses
Not to be used for trivial infections as prophylaxis of infection
Cold, throat infections or flu
Treatment of choice for typhoid fever not for carrier state
Meningitis due to hemophilus influenza, pneumocoeoi or
Miningococei
Skin infections (topically)
Brain abscesses
Dose : by mouth or by intravenous injection or infusion, 50 mg/kg daily in 4 divided doses (exceptionally, can be doubled for severe infections such as septicemia and meningitis, providing high doses reduced as soon as clinically indicated); Child, haemophilus epiglottitis and pyogenic meningitis, 50–100 mg/kg daily in divided doses (high dosages decreased as soon as clinically indicated); Infants under 2 weeks 25 mg/kg daily in 4 divided doses
2 weeks–1 year 50 mg/kg daily in 4 divided dose
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to chloramphenicol
Pregnancy
Nursing mothers
Renal and hepatic failure
Side effectsA plastic anemia, pancytopnea, nausea, vomiting abdominal distention, “progressive pallid cyanoses, ashen gray color, tachypnea , vasomotor collapse & death”, Gray syndrome in infants, super infections
Nursing considerations
Administer IV as 10% solution over at least 1 min
Note any history of hypersensitivity & other contraindications, & if
Client takes antidiabetic or other medications that cause bone marrow depression
Neonates should be observed closely (greater hazards of toxicity)
Arrange for further hematologic studies to be conducted every 2 days to detect early signs of bone marrow depression
The drug should be taken at regular intervals to be most effective
The drug should be taken 1 hr before or 2 hr after meals - if GI upset Occurs it could be taken with the food
Dose : by mouth psychomotor agitation, excitement, and violent or dangerously impulsive behavior initially 25 mg 3 times daily (or 75 mg at night), adjusted according to response, to usual maintenance dose of 75–300 mg daily
Intractable hiccup, oral 25–50 mg 3–4 times daily
By deep intramuscular injection, (for relief of acute symptoms, 25–50 mg every 6–8 hours; Child, 1–5 years 05 mg/kg every 6–8 hours (max 40 mg daily); 6–12 years 05 mg/kg every 6–8 hours (max 75 mg daily)
Induction of hypothermia (to prevent shivering), by deep intramuscular injection, 25–50 mg every 6–8 hours; Child 1–12 years, initially 05–1 mg/kg, followed by maintenance 05 mg/kg every 4–6 hours
Contraindications
Sever depression, coma
Bone marrow depression
Patients with history of seizures & on anticonvulsant therapy
Hepatic & renal diseases
Prostatic hypertrophy
Dehydration - glaucoma, measles
Side effects
Depression, dizziness, seizures, gynecomastia Orthostatic hypotension, bronchospasm, larlynyospasm tardive dyskinesia, photosensitivity, leukopnea, aplastic anemia, and dry mouth
Nursing considerations
Shouldn’t be used to treat nausea & vomiting in children less than 6 months of age
Should avoid getting solution on hands or clothing - it will cause dermatitis
Solutions with marked discoloration should be discarded
Note any history of seizures
Take liver & kidney function test periodically
******** & rotate injection sites
Report side effects immediately
Determine age of male patients & assess for prostatic hypertrophy
Trade name: ciproxin
Class: Antibacterial, quinolone derivative
Pregnancy: Category C
Action: is a synthetic quinolone with broad- spectrum bactericidal activity, inhibits the synthesis of bacterial DNA by inhibiting the enzyme DNA gyrase
Dose : by mouth, respiratory-tract infections, 250–750 mg
Twice daily, Urinary-tract infections, 250–500 mg twice
Daily (100 mg twice daily for 3 days in acute uncomplicated cystitis in women
Chronic prostatitis, 500 mg twice daily for 28 days
Gonorrhea, 500 mg as a single dose
Pseudomonal lower respiratory-tract infection in cystic fibrosis, 750 mg twice daily; CHILD 5–17 years, up to 20 mg/kg twice daily
Most other infections, 500–750 mg twice daily
Surgical prophylaxis, 750 mg 60–90 minutes before procedure
Prophylaxis of meningococcal meningitis, [not licensed for this indication] 500 mg as a single dose; Child 5–12 years 250 mg
By intravenous infusion (over 30–60 minutes; 400 mg over 60 minutes), 200–400 mg twice daily, Child 20 mg/kg daily in 2 divided doses
Pseudomonal lower respiratory-tract infection in cystic fibrosis, 400 mg twice daily; CHILD 5–17 years, up to 10 mg/kg 3 times daily (max 12 g daily)
Child not recommended but where benefit outweighs risk, by mouth, 10–30 mg/kg daily in 2 divided doses or by intravenous infusion, 8–16 mg/kg daily in 2 divided doses
Anthrax (treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis, see notes above), by mouth, 500 mg twice daily; child 30 mg/kg daily in 2 divided doses
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity - children - lactation
Side effects
Nausea vomiting Dysphasia, crystalluria,
Hematuria, Rashes, bad taste, GI bleeding,
Headache, insomnia
Nursing considerations
Give medication 2 hr after meals
Stress importance of drinking increased amounts of fluids to keep urine acidic & to minimize the risk of crystalluria
Trade name: Dalacin
Class: antibiotic, clindamycin
Pregnancy: Category B
Action: suppress protein synthesis by microorganisms by binding to ribosomes It is both bacteriostatic & bactericidal
Uses
Serious respiratory tract infections (lung abscess, pneumonia)
Serious skin infections
Septicemia
Osteomyelitis caused by staphylococci
Used topically for inflammatory acne vulgaris
Dose : by mouth, 150–300 mg every 6 hours; up to 450 mg every 6 hours in severe infections; CHILD, 3–6 mg/kg every 6 hours
NB
Patients should discontinue immediately and contact doctor if diarrhea develops; capsules should be swallowed with a glass of water
By deep intramuscular injection or by intravenous infusion, 06–27 g daily (in 2–4 divided doses); life-threatening infection, up to 48 g daily; single doses above 600 mg by intravenous infusion only; single doses by intravenous infusion not to exceed 12 g
CHILD over 1 month, 15–40 mg/kg daily in 3–4 divided doses; severe infections, at least 300 mg daily regardless of weight
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity
Minor bacterial infections
Pregnancy
Side effects
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, tenesmus
Loss of weight, pseudo membranous colitis, skin rashes
Hypotension
Thrombophlebitis following IV use
Nursing considerations
Give parenteral drug to hospitalized client only
Dilute IV injections If IM, inject medication deeply
Don’t refrigerate solution because it becomes thick
Before use, take full history & not signs of allergy
Be prepared to manage colitis which can occur 2-9 days or several weeks after initiation of therapy Which includes: fluids, electrolytes, Protein supplement, corticosteroids, and Vancomycin as ordered
During IV administration, observe for signs of hypotension
Administer only on an empty stomach With a full glass of water to prevent esophageal ulceration
Dose : by mouth, 250–500 mg every 6 hours, at least 30 minutes before food; Child under 2 years quarter adult dose; 2–10 years half adult dose
By intramuscular injection, 250–500 mg every 6 hours; Child under 2 years quarter adult dose; 2–10 years half adult dose
By slow intravenous injection or by intravenous infusion, 025–2 g every 6 hours; Child under 2 years quarter adult dose; 2–10 years half adult dose
Endocarditis 12 g daily in 6 divided doses for 4 weeks
Osteomyelitis up to 8 g daily in 3–4 divided doses
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to penicillins & cephalosporin
Side effects
Allergic: skin rashes, pruritis, wheezing, fever…
Diarrhea, abdominal cramps pain, nausea, vomiting
Psendomembranous colitis, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia
Thrombophlebitis + Electrolytes imbalance following IV use
Hepatotoxicity
Nursing considerations
Administer on an empty stomach
Refrigerate reconstituted solution & discard remaining amount after 14 days
NB: To prepare oral suspension, add amount of water stated on label and shake well
Shake the bottle well before each use
Trade name: dexacort
Class: adrenocorticosteroid –synthetic, glucocorticoid type
Pregnancy: Category C/D if used in 1st trimester
Action• They are a group of natural hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
They are used for a variety of therapeutic purposes
Many slightly modified synthetic variants are available today
Some patients respond better to one substance than to another
These hormones influence many ****bolic pathways & all organ systems & are essential for survival
The release of corticosteroids is controlled by hormones such as corticotropin- releasing factor produced by the hypothalamus & ACTH produced by the anterior pituitary
By mouth, usual range 05–10 mg daily;
by intramuscular injection or slow intravenous injection or infusion (as dexamethasone phosphate), initially 05–20 mg; CHILD
200–500 micrograms/kg daily
Cerebral edema (as dexamethasone phosphate), by intravenous injection, 10 mg initially, then 4 mg by intramuscular injection every 6 hours as required for 2–10 days
Shock (as dexamethasone phosphate), by intravenous injection or infusion, 2–6 mg/kg, repeated if necessary after 2–6 hours
Note Dexamethasone 1 mg = dexamethasone phosphate 12 mg = dexamethasone sodium phosphate 13 mg
Contraindications
If infection is suspected (Mask signs & symptoms)
Peptic ulcer
Acute glomerulonephritis
Cushing’s syndrome
Congestive heart failure
Hypertension
Hyperlipidemia
Side effects
Edema, alkalosis, hypokalemia, hypertension, CHF muscle wasting, weakness, osteoporosis, nausea & vomiting
Headache, hypercholesterolemia, hirsutism, amenorrhea, depression
Redistribution of body fats: thin extremities and fat trunk, moon-like face, buffalo hump
Nursing considerations
Administer oral forms with food to minimize ulcerogenic effect
For chronic use, give the smallest dose possible
Corticosteroids should be discontinued gradually if used chronically
******** baseline weight, BP, Pulse & temperature
Frequently take BP, monitor body weight - signs of Na+ & H2O retention
Periodic serum electrolytes, blood sugar monitoring
Report signs & symptoms of side effects - Cushing-like syndrome
Discuss with female client potentials of menstrual difficulties
Instruct the client to take diet high in protein & potassium
Instruct the client to avoid falls & accidents - osteoporosis causes Pathological fracture
Remind the client to carry a card identifying the drug being used
Stress the need for regular medical supervision
Advice the client to delay any vaccination while taking these medications Weakened immunity
Explain the need to maintain general hygiene & cleanliness to prevent Infection